![]() ![]() These studies make use of a number of data sources like hospital and medical records and personal interviews of both the cases and the controls. The diseased people are known as cases while the healthy ones are known as controls. These studies are able to provide the scientists with a large amount of data as they give them the chance to follow people over long periods of time.Ĭase control studies are analytical studies which compare people that have been diagnosed with a disease with people that haven't been diagnosed with it. ![]() ![]() Cohort studies are performed either using a prospective (over time) approach or a retrospective (historical) approach. These studies try to determine whether the changes in exposure have any effect on the likelihood of getting the disease or not. On the downside, these types of studies can't prove cause and effect and they require evidence to be gathered from other studies to prove their findings.Ĭohort studies are analytical studies which compare populations that are similar to each other but have had different exposure to certain factors like cigarette smoke, asbestos, sun, exercise and diet. One of the major advantages of ecological studies is that they can offer strong clues towards a particular direction. Although these studies try to find a connection between cancer rates of populations and risk factors, representing a shift towards analytical studies, they cannot be considered analytical since they do not provide an outcome. Thus, the sample size of these types of studies is quite large. One of the examples of cross-section comparison studies is comparing rate of a type of cancer in one place with that of another.Įcological studies try to find a correlation between diet and cancer at a population level. However, since these studies only sample data once, they cannot tell the sequence of events that have taken place over a longer period of time. These studies can be completed in a very small period of time and usually do not cost that much as well because their target is to obtain observations that are made at one point in a time. Below are its four study methods:Ĭross-section comparison studies focus on comparing data collected from various smaller groups instead of large groups. They comprise of simple questioning, medical examinations and routine laboratory tests or X-rays. Observational studies are one of the most common types of epidemiological studies. There are two main types of epidemiological studies: experimental studies and observational studies and both of them are divided into several subtypes. In this article, you will learn about the types of epidemiological studies and gain information regarding the issues which are to be kept in mind when understanding the results of the various study designs. Epidemiology has been quite helpful in determining and measuring the health hazards of smoking cigarettes or exposure to materials like asbestos. In simple words, it is the study of the frequency with which diseases affect different groups of people and the reasons why they occur. The study of disease distributions in the populations and the factors that influence this distribution is called as Epidemiology. ![]()
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